Hepatitis Vaccine
Hepatitis A was earlier known as infectious hepatitis. Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine against the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine. The vaccine is administered as an injection in the thigh muscle for toddlers and into the upper arm muscle for adults and older children. People who should get this vaccine are:
- All children starting at age 1 year (12–23 months)
- Users of illicit drugs, injectable or non-injectable
- Those indulging in gay sex
- People with blood clotting disorders
- People who work with people infected with hepatitis A
- People with chronic liver disease
- Any person who wishes to be protected from hepatitis A virus infection
Hepatitis Vaccine dosage
- Two doses of vaccine are recommended.
- The second dose needs to be administered 6 months from the administration of the first dose.
This vaccine is highly effective; however a booster dosage needs to be administered so as to maintain the effectiveness of the vaccine. Hepatitis A vaccines are very safe and do not cause any potential side effects in a person.
Propecia
Balding or receding hairline is a common woe with many men. Propecia prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the body. This drug is extensively used to treat male pattern baldness that typically happens around the anterior mid-scalp and the vortex. Oral Finasteride is an anti-androgen drug that is used to inhibit 5-alpha reductase. Though widely used for treating male pattern baldness, Propecia is not used to treat hair loss problems in women. In fact, women who are pregnant must not even touch such medication as it may adversely affect a male fetus. Propecia can be absorbed through the skin.
Propecia is contraindicated in persons with:
AFP Test
AFP Test or Alpha-fetoprotein test is conducted on pregnant women to check the AFP level in the blood. The liver in the fetus produces AFP naturally. Determining the amount of AFP in the mother's blood will help identify any neural tube defect in the fetus. Neural tube defects arise in 2 out of every 1,000 pregnancies. AFP test also helps check for Down's syndrome. There are 60% chances for detecting Down's syndrome when the AFP levels are low in the blood. AFP can also be calculated from the sample of amniotic fluid of a pregnant woman. This screening test is generally performed between 16 and 18 weeks of pregnancy and is very sensitive between 15 and 17 weeks. The accuracy of the AFP test result lies in the exact age of the fetus. The AFT test is also referred to as maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP). AFP test is done on men and non-pregnant women too to confirm cancer in the testicles, stomach, pancreas, liver and the ovaries. High levels of AFP can indicate renal cell cancer.
Interpretation of AFP test results: In men and non-pregnant women, the values of the AFP test is 0-6.4 IU/mL (international units per milliliter), 0-20 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or 0-20 micrograms per liter. In pregnant women of about 15 - 22 weeks gestation, the AFP results usually show 19-75 IU/mL, 7-124 ng/mL or 7-124 microgram per liter. AFP test values vary depending on the weight of the woman and race. Black women have higher values than white women and white women have higher values than Asian women. High AFP can suggest multiple pregnancies, fetus with neural tube defects, and abdominal wall defect in the fetus or fetal death. In non-pregnant adults, high AFP values mean cancer in the testicles or ovaries. High AFP can also indicate liver disease and bowel inflammation.
Bibliography / Reference
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